{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":321,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":359,"views":112297,"title":"El Huitlacoche en el Maíz: Organismo Patógeno o Benéfico","fb_title":"","link":"el-huitlacoche-en-el-maiz-organismo-patogeno-o-benefico","desc":"Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda es el nombre científico del hongo causante de la enfermedad conocida comúnmente como “huitlacoche” o carbón común. Es un patógeno que parasita al cultivo del maíz (Zea mays), ya que infecta a los granos del elote formando tumores o agallas de color gris; el interior de estas estructuras es de color oscuro debido a la presencia de esporas negras.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art365-huitlacoche\/Ustilago-maydis-Huitlacoche.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":",9,","keywords":"Ustilago,maydis,Maíz,Hongo,Huitlacoche,Carbón,Común,Enfermedad,Teozintle,Agallas,tumores,Inoculación,Teliosporas,Mazorca,Jilote","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/77. El Huitlacoche en el Maiz Organismo Patogeno o Benefico.pdf","text":"
\r\n
\r\n

Ustilago maydis<\/em> (DC) Corda es el nombre científico del hongo causante de la enfermedad conocida comúnmente como “huitlacoche” o carbón común. Es un patógeno que parasita al cultivo del maíz (Zea mays<\/em>), ya que infecta a los granos del elote formando tumores o agallas de color gris; el interior de estas estructuras es de color oscuro debido a la presencia de esporas negras.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

En México es un hongo que ha adquirido mucho interés por su uso en la cocina, donde inclusive se han realizado diferentes investigaciones y pruebas en campo para desarrollar tecnologías y lograr su producción comercial.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El huitlacoche como enfermedad<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

El agente causal del carbón del maíz es el basidiomiceto Ustilago maydis<\/em>. Es un hongo dimórfico que se caracteriza por la formación de agallas locales de tamaño variado; dentro de estas estructuras se desarrollan las esporas, que son el medio de diseminación del patógeno.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El carbón del maíz es una enfermedad fungosa que afecta la producción de maíz en el mundo. La infección del hongo se puede dar en diferentes partes de la planta, especialmente en los tejidos jóvenes en crecimiento. El hongo Ustilago maydis <\/em>infecta los granos (mazorca) del cultivo provocando mermas en el rendimiento. Normalmente es una enfermedad que no ocasiona fuertes pérdidas, pero si se presentan condiciones ambientales óptimas puede llegar a ser una enfermedad devastadora para el cultivo de maíz dulce, principalmente.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

La interacción entre la temperatura, la humedad relativa y la variedad de maíz favorecen el desarrollo del hongo Ustilago maydis<\/em>. Las condiciones climáticas que favorecen el desarrollo del hongo son ambientes con alta humedad relativa (80 %) y temperaturas que van alrededor de 17 a 20 ° C. También, el hongo aparece con mayor frecuencia en condiciones cálidas (26 a 30 °C) y moderadamente secas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

El método más común y práctico para el manejo de la enfermedad es la selección inteligente del hibrido a utilizar. También se recomienda el tratamiento de la semilla con fungicidas, la óptima fertilización con nitrógeno y la rotación de cultivos.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\"Carbón\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
\r\n\t\t\t

Figura 1. Carbón común, enfermedad causada por el hongo Ustilago maydis.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Djamei, A. y Kahmann, R. 2012<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n

\r\n
\r\n

Ciclo biológico del huitlacoche. <\/strong>Ustilago maydis<\/em> es fitopatógeno del maíz y del teozintle. Su ciclo biológico se muestra en la figura 2.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\r\n
 <\/div>\r\n\r\n
\"Ciclo\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
\r\n\t\t\t

Figura 2. Ciclo biológico del Ustilago maydis<\/em>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

Fuente: Chamonts (INRA), 2013; Adaptado por Intagri, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

 <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
\r\n
\r\n

El huitlacoche como alimento<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

Desde tiempos prehispánicos, el “huitlacoche” se ha usado como alimento en la cocina mexicana. Actualmente ha crecido su popularidad por sus excelentes características nutrimentales, aumentando la demanda en diferentes mercados del mundo. Actualmente diferentes investigadores han realizado ensayos para encontrar la forma adecuada de propagación, así como identificar las variedades más susceptibles. Lo anterior con la finalidad de producirlo a escala comercial y abastecer la alta demanda.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Propiedades nutricionales. <\/strong>El huitlacoche tiene altos contenidos nutricionales potenciales para la alimentación humana. En el cuadro 1 se observa el porcentaje elevado de nutrientes de este hongo en comparación al maíz.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Uso potencial del huitlacoche<\/strong>. México fue el primer país en darle uso comestible a este hongo, pero no fue hasta hace pocos años cuando se comenzó a cultivar y exportar a diferentes países del mundo, particularmente Estados Unidos, Canadá, Japón y países europeos.  Su uso gastronómico en México es extenso, pues lo utilizan para preparar comidas típicas como: quesadillas, tacos, sopas, relleno de tamales, crepas, salsas, bebidas, entre otras. En el extranjero es preciado como alimento gourmet por su sabor, textura y propiedades nutrimentales. Además, otros usos se han orientado a la industria cosmética y medicinal.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

\r\n
 <\/div>\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
\r\n\t\t\t

 Cuadro 1.  Algunas propiedades nutricionales del huitlacoche comparados con el maíz.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

 Fuente: Juárez et. al<\/em>., 2011.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

Nutrientes<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

Huitlacoche<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

Maíz (Zea mays<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Aminoácidos (%)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Lisina<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

14.8<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

2.6 - 3.5<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Leucina<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

10.4<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

12.0 - 15.8<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Ácido graso (%).<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Oleico<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

41 - 46<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

20 - 46<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Linoleico<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

27 - 34<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

35 - 70<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Monosacárido (mg\/g)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Glucosa<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

140 - 180<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

0.1 – 8.9<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Fructuosa<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

60 - 100<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

Hasta 7.6<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Polisacáridos(mg\/g)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

 Beta-glúcidos<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

1 - 12<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

\r\n\t\t\t

0.5 - 0.38<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

 <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
\r\n
\r\n

La dispersión artificial de huitlacoche.<\/strong> La alta demanda del huitlacoche ha motivado el desarrollo de diversos estudios con la finalidad de lograr la producción a gran escala. Las evaluaciones se han enfocado en conocer la susceptibilidad de variedades de maíz y la etapa del desarrollo de la planta para la inoculación artificial, las condiciones ambientales óptimas para su desarrollo y la patogenicidad del hongo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Una de las estrategias más utilizadas para la producción comercial del huitlacoche es la inoculación artificial, es decir, se utilizan como inóculo las formulaciones con esporidias o teliosporas del hongo y estas se aplican al jilote utilizando una jeringa hipodérmica. El éxito de la inoculación artificial del hongo depende los factores antes mencionados, por lo que es necesario tener un control estricto durante el proceso productivo para logar un alto porcentaje de incidencia y severidad que represente rendimientos altos de huitlacoche.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Cita correcta de este artículo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

INTAGRI. 2017. El Huitlacoche en el Maíz: Organismo Patógeno o Benéfico. Serie Fitosanidad. Núm. 77. Artículos Técnicos de INTAGRI. México. 3 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

Literatura Consultada<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n\t
  • Martínez, F.A.; Corrales, G. J.J.; Espinosa, S. T.; García, G. P. G.; Villanueva, V. C. 2008. Cambios postcosecha del hongo comestible huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis <\/em>(D.C.) Corda). Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura, 14 (3): 339-346.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Beas, F. R.; Loarca, P. G.; Guzmán, M. G. S.; Gerardo, R. M.; Vasco, M. N. L.; Guevara, L. F. 2011. Potencial nutracéutico de componentes bioactivos presentes en huitlacoche de la zona centro de México. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, 42 (2): 36-44.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Juárez, M. M.; Ruiloba de León, S.; Chávez, C. G.; Hernández, R. C.; Villa, T. L. 2011. Huitlacoche (corn smut), caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis<\/em>, as a functional food. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 28 (2): 69-73.<\/li>\r\n\t
  • Aguayo, G. D. J.; Acosta, R. M.; Pérez, C. L. E.; Guevara, L. F.; García, M. A. M. 2016. Producción natural de huitlacoche [Ustilago maydis<\/em> (DC) Corda] en el estado de Aguascalientes. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 7 (5): 1043-1050.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n
     <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2017-01-13 21:01:57","updated":"2019-04-23 19:16:50","published":"2017-01-13 21:42:36","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5.2400000000000002131628207280300557613372802734375,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5.2400000000000002131628207280300557613372802734375},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. Dominicana","iso2":"do","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":23,"name":"Surinam","iso2":"sr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":24,"name":"Uruguay","iso2":"uy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":25,"name":"Venezuela","iso2":"ve","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":26,"name":"Brasil","iso2":"br","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":27,"name":"España","iso2":"es","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":28,"name":"Australia","iso2":"au","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":29,"name":"Bahamas","iso2":"bs","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":30,"name":"Camerún","iso2":"cm","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":31,"name":"Italia","iso2":"it","badge":"USD","conversion":19}],"provinces":[{"province_ID":1,"country_ID":1,"name":"Buenos Aires"},{"province_ID":2,"country_ID":1,"name":"Buenos Aires Capital"},{"province_ID":3,"country_ID":1,"name":"Catamarca"},{"province_ID":4,"country_ID":1,"name":"Chaco"},{"province_ID":5,"country_ID":1,"name":"Chubut"},{"province_ID":6,"country_ID":1,"name":"Cordoba"},{"province_ID":7,"country_ID":1,"name":"Corrientes"},{"province_ID":8,"country_ID":1,"name":"Entre Rios"},{"province_ID":9,"country_ID":1,"name":"Formosa"},{"province_ID":10,"country_ID":1,"name":"Jujuy"},{"province_ID":11,"country_ID":1,"name":"La Pampa"},{"province_ID":12,"country_ID":1,"name":"La Rioja"},{"province_ID":13,"country_ID":1,"name":"Mendoza"},{"province_ID":14,"country_ID":1,"name":"Misiones"},{"province_ID":15,"country_ID":1,"name":"Neuquen"},{"province_ID":16,"country_ID":1,"name":"Rio Negro"},{"province_ID":17,"country_ID":1,"name":"Salta"},{"province_ID":18,"country_ID":1,"name":"San Juan"},{"province_ID":19,"country_ID":1,"name":"San Luis"},{"province_ID":20,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santa Cruz"},{"province_ID":21,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santa Fe"},{"province_ID":22,"country_ID":1,"name":"Santiago del Estero"},{"province_ID":23,"country_ID":1,"name":"Tierra del Fuego"},{"province_ID":24,"country_ID":1,"name":"Tucuman"},{"province_ID":25,"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice"},{"province_ID":26,"country_ID":2,"name":"Cayo"},{"province_ID":27,"country_ID":2,"name":"Corozal"},{"province_ID":28,"country_ID":2,"name":"Orange Walk"},{"province_ID":29,"country_ID":2,"name":"Stann Creek"},{"province_ID":30,"country_ID":2,"name":"Toledo"},{"province_ID":31,"country_ID":3,"name":"Chuquisaca"},{"province_ID":32,"country_ID":3,"name":"Cochabamba"},{"province_ID":33,"country_ID":3,"name":"Beni"},{"province_ID":34,"country_ID":3,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":35,"country_ID":3,"name":"Oruro"},{"province_ID":36,"country_ID":3,"name":"Pando"},{"province_ID":37,"country_ID":3,"name":"Potosi"},{"province_ID":38,"country_ID":3,"name":"Santa Cruz"},{"province_ID":39,"country_ID":3,"name":"Tarija"},{"province_ID":40,"country_ID":4,"name":"Alberta"},{"province_ID":41,"country_ID":4,"name":"British Columbia"},{"province_ID":42,"country_ID":4,"name":"Manitoba"},{"province_ID":43,"country_ID":4,"name":"New Brunswick"},{"province_ID":44,"country_ID":4,"name":"Newfoundland and Labrador"},{"province_ID":45,"country_ID":4,"name":"Nova Scotia"},{"province_ID":46,"country_ID":4,"name":"Ontario"},{"province_ID":47,"country_ID":4,"name":"Prince Edward Island"},{"province_ID":48,"country_ID":4,"name":"Quebec"},{"province_ID":49,"country_ID":4,"name":"Saskatchewan"},{"province_ID":50,"country_ID":4,"name":"Northwest Territories"},{"province_ID":51,"country_ID":4,"name":"Nunavut"},{"province_ID":52,"country_ID":4,"name":"Yukon"},{"province_ID":53,"country_ID":5,"name":"Aysen"},{"province_ID":54,"country_ID":5,"name":"Antofagasta"},{"province_ID":55,"country_ID":5,"name":"Araucania"},{"province_ID":56,"country_ID":5,"name":"Atacama"},{"province_ID":57,"country_ID":5,"name":"Bio-Bio"},{"province_ID":58,"country_ID":5,"name":"Coquimbo"},{"province_ID":59,"country_ID":5,"name":"O'Higgins"},{"province_ID":60,"country_ID":5,"name":"Los Lagos"},{"province_ID":61,"country_ID":5,"name":"Magallanes y la Antartica Chilena"},{"province_ID":62,"country_ID":5,"name":"Maule"},{"province_ID":63,"country_ID":5,"name":"Santiago Region Metropolitana"},{"province_ID":64,"country_ID":5,"name":"Tarapaca"},{"province_ID":65,"country_ID":5,"name":"Valparaiso"},{"province_ID":66,"country_ID":6,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":67,"country_ID":6,"name":"Antioquia"},{"province_ID":68,"country_ID":6,"name":"Arauca"},{"province_ID":69,"country_ID":6,"name":"Atlantico"},{"province_ID":70,"country_ID":6,"name":"Bogota District Capital"},{"province_ID":71,"country_ID":6,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":72,"country_ID":6,"name":"Boyaca"},{"province_ID":73,"country_ID":6,"name":"Caldas"},{"province_ID":74,"country_ID":6,"name":"Caqueta"},{"province_ID":75,"country_ID":6,"name":"Casanare"},{"province_ID":76,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cauca"},{"province_ID":77,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cesar"},{"province_ID":78,"country_ID":6,"name":"Choco"},{"province_ID":79,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cordoba"},{"province_ID":80,"country_ID":6,"name":"Cundinamarca"},{"province_ID":81,"country_ID":6,"name":"Guainia"},{"province_ID":82,"country_ID":6,"name":"Guaviare"},{"province_ID":83,"country_ID":6,"name":"Huila"},{"province_ID":84,"country_ID":6,"name":"La Guajira"},{"province_ID":85,"country_ID":6,"name":"Magdalena"},{"province_ID":86,"country_ID":6,"name":"Meta"},{"province_ID":87,"country_ID":6,"name":"Narino"},{"province_ID":88,"country_ID":6,"name":"Norte de Santander"},{"province_ID":89,"country_ID":6,"name":"Putumayo"},{"province_ID":90,"country_ID":6,"name":"Quindio"},{"province_ID":91,"country_ID":6,"name":"Risaralda"},{"province_ID":92,"country_ID":6,"name":"San Andres & Providencia"},{"province_ID":93,"country_ID":6,"name":"Santander"},{"province_ID":94,"country_ID":6,"name":"Sucre"},{"province_ID":95,"country_ID":6,"name":"Tolima"},{"province_ID":96,"country_ID":6,"name":"Valle del Cauca"},{"province_ID":97,"country_ID":6,"name":"Vaupes"},{"province_ID":98,"country_ID":6,"name":"Vichada"},{"province_ID":99,"country_ID":7,"name":"Alajuela"},{"province_ID":100,"country_ID":7,"name":"Cartago"},{"province_ID":101,"country_ID":7,"name":"Guanacaste"},{"province_ID":102,"country_ID":7,"name":"Heredia"},{"province_ID":103,"country_ID":7,"name":"Limon"},{"province_ID":104,"country_ID":7,"name":"Puntarenas"},{"province_ID":105,"country_ID":7,"name":"San Jose"},{"province_ID":106,"country_ID":8,"name":"Camaguey"},{"province_ID":107,"country_ID":8,"name":"Ciego de Avila"},{"province_ID":108,"country_ID":8,"name":"Cienfuegos"},{"province_ID":109,"country_ID":8,"name":"Ciudad de La Habana"},{"province_ID":110,"country_ID":8,"name":"Granma"},{"province_ID":111,"country_ID":8,"name":"Guantanamo"},{"province_ID":112,"country_ID":8,"name":"Holguin"},{"province_ID":113,"country_ID":8,"name":"Isla de la Juventud"},{"province_ID":114,"country_ID":8,"name":"La Habana"},{"province_ID":115,"country_ID":8,"name":"Las Tunas"},{"province_ID":116,"country_ID":8,"name":"Matanzas"},{"province_ID":117,"country_ID":8,"name":"Pinar del Rio"},{"province_ID":118,"country_ID":8,"name":"Sancti Spiritus"},{"province_ID":119,"country_ID":8,"name":"Santiago de Cuba"},{"province_ID":120,"country_ID":8,"name":"Villa Clara"},{"province_ID":121,"country_ID":9,"name":"Azuay"},{"province_ID":122,"country_ID":9,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":123,"country_ID":9,"name":"Canar"},{"province_ID":124,"country_ID":9,"name":"Carchi"},{"province_ID":125,"country_ID":9,"name":"Chimborazo"},{"province_ID":126,"country_ID":9,"name":"Cotopaxi"},{"province_ID":127,"country_ID":9,"name":"El Oro"},{"province_ID":128,"country_ID":9,"name":"Esmeraldas"},{"province_ID":129,"country_ID":9,"name":"Galapagos"},{"province_ID":130,"country_ID":9,"name":"Guayas"},{"province_ID":131,"country_ID":9,"name":"Imbabura"},{"province_ID":132,"country_ID":9,"name":"Loja"},{"province_ID":133,"country_ID":9,"name":"Los Rios"},{"province_ID":134,"country_ID":9,"name":"Manabi"},{"province_ID":135,"country_ID":9,"name":"Morona-Santiago"},{"province_ID":136,"country_ID":9,"name":"Napo"},{"province_ID":137,"country_ID":9,"name":"Orellana"},{"province_ID":138,"country_ID":9,"name":"Pastaza"},{"province_ID":139,"country_ID":9,"name":"Pichincha"},{"province_ID":140,"country_ID":9,"name":"Sucumbios"},{"province_ID":141,"country_ID":9,"name":"Tungurahua"},{"province_ID":142,"country_ID":9,"name":"Zamora-Chinchipe"},{"province_ID":143,"country_ID":10,"name":"Ahuachapan"},{"province_ID":144,"country_ID":10,"name":"Cabanas"},{"province_ID":145,"country_ID":10,"name":"Chalatenango"},{"province_ID":146,"country_ID":10,"name":"Cuscatlan"},{"province_ID":147,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Libertad"},{"province_ID":148,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":149,"country_ID":10,"name":"La Union"},{"province_ID":150,"country_ID":10,"name":"Morazan"},{"province_ID":151,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Miguel"},{"province_ID":152,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Salvador"},{"province_ID":153,"country_ID":10,"name":"Santa Ana"},{"province_ID":154,"country_ID":10,"name":"San Vicente"},{"province_ID":155,"country_ID":10,"name":"Sonsonate"},{"province_ID":156,"country_ID":10,"name":"Usulutan"},{"province_ID":157,"country_ID":11,"name":"Alabama"},{"province_ID":158,"country_ID":11,"name":"Alaska"},{"province_ID":159,"country_ID":11,"name":"Arizona"},{"province_ID":160,"country_ID":11,"name":"Arkansas"},{"province_ID":161,"country_ID":11,"name":"California"},{"province_ID":162,"country_ID":11,"name":"Colorado"},{"province_ID":163,"country_ID":11,"name":"Connecticut"},{"province_ID":164,"country_ID":11,"name":"Delaware"},{"province_ID":165,"country_ID":11,"name":"District of Columbia"},{"province_ID":166,"country_ID":11,"name":"Florida"},{"province_ID":167,"country_ID":11,"name":"Georgia"},{"province_ID":168,"country_ID":11,"name":"Hawaii"},{"province_ID":169,"country_ID":11,"name":"Idaho"},{"province_ID":170,"country_ID":11,"name":"Illinois"},{"province_ID":171,"country_ID":11,"name":"Indiana"},{"province_ID":172,"country_ID":11,"name":"Iowa"},{"province_ID":173,"country_ID":11,"name":"Kansas"},{"province_ID":174,"country_ID":11,"name":"Kentucky"},{"province_ID":175,"country_ID":11,"name":"Louisiana"},{"province_ID":176,"country_ID":11,"name":"Maine"},{"province_ID":177,"country_ID":11,"name":"Maryland"},{"province_ID":178,"country_ID":11,"name":"Massachusetts"},{"province_ID":179,"country_ID":11,"name":"Michigan"},{"province_ID":180,"country_ID":11,"name":"Minnesota"},{"province_ID":181,"country_ID":11,"name":"Mississippi"},{"province_ID":182,"country_ID":11,"name":"Missouri"},{"province_ID":183,"country_ID":11,"name":"Montana"},{"province_ID":184,"country_ID":11,"name":"Nebraska"},{"province_ID":185,"country_ID":11,"name":"Nevada"},{"province_ID":186,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Hampshire"},{"province_ID":187,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Jersey"},{"province_ID":188,"country_ID":11,"name":"New Mexico"},{"province_ID":189,"country_ID":11,"name":"New York"},{"province_ID":190,"country_ID":11,"name":"North Carolina"},{"province_ID":191,"country_ID":11,"name":"North Dakota"},{"province_ID":192,"country_ID":11,"name":"Ohio"},{"province_ID":193,"country_ID":11,"name":"Oklahoma"},{"province_ID":194,"country_ID":11,"name":"Oregon"},{"province_ID":195,"country_ID":11,"name":"Pennsylvania"},{"province_ID":196,"country_ID":11,"name":"Rhode Island"},{"province_ID":197,"country_ID":11,"name":"South Carolina"},{"province_ID":198,"country_ID":11,"name":"South Dakota"},{"province_ID":199,"country_ID":11,"name":"Tennessee"},{"province_ID":200,"country_ID":11,"name":"Texas"},{"province_ID":201,"country_ID":11,"name":"Utah"},{"province_ID":202,"country_ID":11,"name":"Vermont"},{"province_ID":203,"country_ID":11,"name":"Virginia"},{"province_ID":204,"country_ID":11,"name":"Washington"},{"province_ID":205,"country_ID":11,"name":"West Virginia"},{"province_ID":206,"country_ID":11,"name":"Wisconsin"},{"province_ID":207,"country_ID":11,"name":"Wyoming"},{"province_ID":208,"country_ID":12,"name":"Alta Verapaz"},{"province_ID":209,"country_ID":12,"name":"Baja Verapaz"},{"province_ID":210,"country_ID":12,"name":"Chimaltenango"},{"province_ID":211,"country_ID":12,"name":"Chiquimula"},{"province_ID":212,"country_ID":12,"name":"El Progreso"},{"province_ID":213,"country_ID":12,"name":"Escuintla"},{"province_ID":214,"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala"},{"province_ID":215,"country_ID":12,"name":"Huehuetenango"},{"province_ID":216,"country_ID":12,"name":"Izabal"},{"province_ID":217,"country_ID":12,"name":"Jalapa"},{"province_ID":218,"country_ID":12,"name":"Jutiapa"},{"province_ID":219,"country_ID":12,"name":"Peten"},{"province_ID":220,"country_ID":12,"name":"Quetzaltenango"},{"province_ID":221,"country_ID":12,"name":"Quiche"},{"province_ID":222,"country_ID":12,"name":"Retalhuleu"},{"province_ID":223,"country_ID":12,"name":"Sacatepequez"},{"province_ID":224,"country_ID":12,"name":"San Marcos"},{"province_ID":225,"country_ID":12,"name":"Santa Rosa"},{"province_ID":226,"country_ID":12,"name":"Solola"},{"province_ID":227,"country_ID":12,"name":"Suchitepequez"},{"province_ID":228,"country_ID":12,"name":"Totonicapan"},{"province_ID":229,"country_ID":12,"name":"Zacapa"},{"province_ID":230,"country_ID":13,"name":"Barima-Waini"},{"province_ID":231,"country_ID":13,"name":"Cuyuni-Mazaruni"},{"province_ID":232,"country_ID":13,"name":"Demerara-Mahaica"},{"province_ID":233,"country_ID":13,"name":"East Berbice-Corentyne"},{"province_ID":234,"country_ID":13,"name":"Essequibo Islands-West Demerara"},{"province_ID":235,"country_ID":13,"name":"Mahaica-Berbice"},{"province_ID":236,"country_ID":13,"name":"Pomeroon-Supenaam"},{"province_ID":237,"country_ID":13,"name":"Potaro-Siparuni"},{"province_ID":238,"country_ID":13,"name":"Upper Demerara-Berbice"},{"province_ID":239,"country_ID":13,"name":"Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo"},{"province_ID":240,"country_ID":14,"name":"Distrito de Cayenne"},{"province_ID":241,"country_ID":14,"name":"Distrito de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni"},{"province_ID":242,"country_ID":15,"name":"Atlantida"},{"province_ID":243,"country_ID":15,"name":"Choluteca"},{"province_ID":244,"country_ID":15,"name":"Colon"},{"province_ID":245,"country_ID":15,"name":"Comayagua"},{"province_ID":246,"country_ID":15,"name":"Copan"},{"province_ID":247,"country_ID":15,"name":"Cortes"},{"province_ID":248,"country_ID":15,"name":"El Paraiso"},{"province_ID":249,"country_ID":15,"name":"Francisco Morazan"},{"province_ID":250,"country_ID":15,"name":"Gracias a Dios"},{"province_ID":251,"country_ID":15,"name":"Intibuca"},{"province_ID":252,"country_ID":15,"name":"Islas de la Bahia"},{"province_ID":253,"country_ID":15,"name":"La Paz"},{"province_ID":254,"country_ID":15,"name":"Lempira"},{"province_ID":255,"country_ID":15,"name":"Ocotepeque"},{"province_ID":256,"country_ID":15,"name":"Olancho"},{"province_ID":257,"country_ID":15,"name":"Santa Barbara"},{"province_ID":258,"country_ID":15,"name":"Valle"},{"province_ID":259,"country_ID":15,"name":"Yoro"},{"province_ID":260,"country_ID":16,"name":"Aguascalientes"},{"province_ID":261,"country_ID":16,"name":"Baja California"},{"province_ID":262,"country_ID":16,"name":"Baja California Sur"},{"province_ID":263,"country_ID":16,"name":"Campeche"},{"province_ID":264,"country_ID":16,"name":"Chiapas"},{"province_ID":265,"country_ID":16,"name":"Chihuahua"},{"province_ID":266,"country_ID":16,"name":"Coahuila de Zaragoza"},{"province_ID":267,"country_ID":16,"name":"Colima"},{"province_ID":268,"country_ID":16,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":269,"country_ID":16,"name":"Durango"},{"province_ID":270,"country_ID":16,"name":"Guanajuato"},{"province_ID":271,"country_ID":16,"name":"Guerrero"},{"province_ID":272,"country_ID":16,"name":"Hidalgo"},{"province_ID":273,"country_ID":16,"name":"Jalisco"},{"province_ID":274,"country_ID":16,"name":"Mexico"},{"province_ID":275,"country_ID":16,"name":"Michoacan de Ocampo"},{"province_ID":276,"country_ID":16,"name":"Morelos"},{"province_ID":277,"country_ID":16,"name":"Nayarit"},{"province_ID":278,"country_ID":16,"name":"Nuevo Leon"},{"province_ID":279,"country_ID":16,"name":"Oaxaca"},{"province_ID":280,"country_ID":16,"name":"Puebla"},{"province_ID":281,"country_ID":16,"name":"Queretaro de Arteaga"},{"province_ID":282,"country_ID":16,"name":"Quintana Roo"},{"province_ID":283,"country_ID":16,"name":"San Luis Potosi"},{"province_ID":284,"country_ID":16,"name":"Sinaloa"},{"province_ID":285,"country_ID":16,"name":"Sonora"},{"province_ID":286,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tabasco"},{"province_ID":287,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tamaulipas"},{"province_ID":288,"country_ID":16,"name":"Tlaxcala"},{"province_ID":289,"country_ID":16,"name":"Veracruz-Llave"},{"province_ID":290,"country_ID":16,"name":"Yucatan"},{"province_ID":291,"country_ID":16,"name":"Zacatecas"},{"province_ID":292,"country_ID":17,"name":"Atlantico Norte"},{"province_ID":293,"country_ID":17,"name":"Atlantico Sur"},{"province_ID":294,"country_ID":17,"name":"Boaco"},{"province_ID":295,"country_ID":17,"name":"Carazo"},{"province_ID":296,"country_ID":17,"name":"Chinandega"},{"province_ID":297,"country_ID":17,"name":"Chontales"},{"province_ID":298,"country_ID":17,"name":"Esteli"},{"province_ID":299,"country_ID":17,"name":"Granada"},{"province_ID":300,"country_ID":17,"name":"Jinotega"},{"province_ID":301,"country_ID":17,"name":"Leon"},{"province_ID":302,"country_ID":17,"name":"Madriz"},{"province_ID":303,"country_ID":17,"name":"Managua"},{"province_ID":304,"country_ID":17,"name":"Masaya"},{"province_ID":305,"country_ID":17,"name":"Matagalpa"},{"province_ID":306,"country_ID":17,"name":"Nueva Segovia"},{"province_ID":307,"country_ID":17,"name":"Rio San Juan"},{"province_ID":308,"country_ID":17,"name":"Rivas"},{"province_ID":309,"country_ID":18,"name":"Bocas del Toro"},{"province_ID":310,"country_ID":18,"name":"Chiriqui"},{"province_ID":311,"country_ID":18,"name":"Cocle"},{"province_ID":312,"country_ID":18,"name":"Colon"},{"province_ID":313,"country_ID":18,"name":"Darien"},{"province_ID":314,"country_ID":18,"name":"Herrera"},{"province_ID":315,"country_ID":18,"name":"Los Santos"},{"province_ID":316,"country_ID":18,"name":"Panama"},{"province_ID":317,"country_ID":18,"name":"San Blas"},{"province_ID":318,"country_ID":18,"name":"Veraguas"},{"province_ID":319,"country_ID":19,"name":"Alto Paraguay"},{"province_ID":320,"country_ID":19,"name":"Alto Parana"},{"province_ID":321,"country_ID":19,"name":"Amambay"},{"province_ID":322,"country_ID":19,"name":"Asuncion"},{"province_ID":323,"country_ID":19,"name":"Boqueron"},{"province_ID":324,"country_ID":19,"name":"Caaguazu"},{"province_ID":325,"country_ID":19,"name":"Caazapa"},{"province_ID":326,"country_ID":19,"name":"Canindeyu"},{"province_ID":327,"country_ID":19,"name":"Central"},{"province_ID":328,"country_ID":19,"name":"Concepcion"},{"province_ID":329,"country_ID":19,"name":"Cordillera"},{"province_ID":330,"country_ID":19,"name":"Guaira"},{"province_ID":331,"country_ID":19,"name":"Itapua"},{"province_ID":332,"country_ID":19,"name":"Misiones"},{"province_ID":333,"country_ID":19,"name":"Neembucu"},{"province_ID":334,"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguari"},{"province_ID":335,"country_ID":19,"name":"Presidente Hayes"},{"province_ID":336,"country_ID":19,"name":"San Pedro"},{"province_ID":337,"country_ID":20,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":338,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ancash"},{"province_ID":339,"country_ID":20,"name":"Apurimac"},{"province_ID":340,"country_ID":20,"name":"Arequipa"},{"province_ID":341,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ayacucho"},{"province_ID":342,"country_ID":20,"name":"Cajamarca"},{"province_ID":343,"country_ID":20,"name":"Callao"},{"province_ID":344,"country_ID":20,"name":"Cusco"},{"province_ID":345,"country_ID":20,"name":"Huancavelica"},{"province_ID":346,"country_ID":20,"name":"Huanuco"},{"province_ID":347,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ica"},{"province_ID":348,"country_ID":20,"name":"Junin"},{"province_ID":349,"country_ID":20,"name":"La Libertad"},{"province_ID":350,"country_ID":20,"name":"Lambayeque"},{"province_ID":351,"country_ID":20,"name":"Lima"},{"province_ID":352,"country_ID":20,"name":"Loreto"},{"province_ID":353,"country_ID":20,"name":"Madre de Dios"},{"province_ID":354,"country_ID":20,"name":"Moquegua"},{"province_ID":355,"country_ID":20,"name":"Pasco"},{"province_ID":356,"country_ID":20,"name":"Piura"},{"province_ID":357,"country_ID":20,"name":"Puno"},{"province_ID":358,"country_ID":20,"name":"San Martin"},{"province_ID":359,"country_ID":20,"name":"Tacna"},{"province_ID":360,"country_ID":20,"name":"Tumbes"},{"province_ID":361,"country_ID":20,"name":"Ucayali"},{"province_ID":362,"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico"},{"province_ID":363,"country_ID":22,"name":"Azua"},{"province_ID":364,"country_ID":22,"name":"Baoruco"},{"province_ID":365,"country_ID":22,"name":"Barahona"},{"province_ID":366,"country_ID":22,"name":"Dajabon"},{"province_ID":367,"country_ID":22,"name":"Distrito Nacional"},{"province_ID":368,"country_ID":22,"name":"Duarte"},{"province_ID":369,"country_ID":22,"name":"Elias Pina"},{"province_ID":370,"country_ID":22,"name":"El Seibo"},{"province_ID":371,"country_ID":22,"name":"Espaillat"},{"province_ID":372,"country_ID":22,"name":"Hato Mayor"},{"province_ID":373,"country_ID":22,"name":"Independencia"},{"province_ID":374,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Altagracia"},{"province_ID":375,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Romana"},{"province_ID":376,"country_ID":22,"name":"La Vega"},{"province_ID":377,"country_ID":22,"name":"Maria Trinidad Sanchez"},{"province_ID":378,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monsenor Nouel"},{"province_ID":379,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monte Cristi"},{"province_ID":380,"country_ID":22,"name":"Monte Plata"},{"province_ID":381,"country_ID":22,"name":"Pedernales"},{"province_ID":382,"country_ID":22,"name":"Peravia"},{"province_ID":383,"country_ID":22,"name":"Puerto Plata"},{"province_ID":384,"country_ID":22,"name":"Salcedo"},{"province_ID":385,"country_ID":22,"name":"Samana"},{"province_ID":386,"country_ID":22,"name":"Sanchez Ramirez"},{"province_ID":387,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Cristobal"},{"province_ID":388,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Jose de Ocoa"},{"province_ID":389,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Juan"},{"province_ID":390,"country_ID":22,"name":"San Pedro de Macoris"},{"province_ID":391,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santiago"},{"province_ID":392,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santiago Rodriguez"},{"province_ID":393,"country_ID":22,"name":"Santo Domingo"},{"province_ID":394,"country_ID":22,"name":"Valverde"},{"province_ID":395,"country_ID":23,"name":"Brokopondo"},{"province_ID":396,"country_ID":23,"name":"Commewijne"},{"province_ID":397,"country_ID":23,"name":"Coronie"},{"province_ID":398,"country_ID":23,"name":"Marowijne"},{"province_ID":399,"country_ID":23,"name":"Nickerie"},{"province_ID":400,"country_ID":23,"name":"Para"},{"province_ID":401,"country_ID":23,"name":"Paramaribo"},{"province_ID":402,"country_ID":23,"name":"Saramacca"},{"province_ID":403,"country_ID":23,"name":"Sipaliwini"},{"province_ID":404,"country_ID":23,"name":"Wanica"},{"province_ID":405,"country_ID":24,"name":"Artigas"},{"province_ID":406,"country_ID":24,"name":"Canelones"},{"province_ID":407,"country_ID":24,"name":"Cerro Largo"},{"province_ID":408,"country_ID":24,"name":"Colonia"},{"province_ID":409,"country_ID":24,"name":"Durazno"},{"province_ID":410,"country_ID":24,"name":"Flores"},{"province_ID":411,"country_ID":24,"name":"Florida"},{"province_ID":412,"country_ID":24,"name":"Lavalleja"},{"province_ID":413,"country_ID":24,"name":"Maldonado"},{"province_ID":414,"country_ID":24,"name":"Montevideo"},{"province_ID":415,"country_ID":24,"name":"Paysandu"},{"province_ID":416,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rio Negro"},{"province_ID":417,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rivera"},{"province_ID":418,"country_ID":24,"name":"Rocha"},{"province_ID":419,"country_ID":24,"name":"Salto"},{"province_ID":420,"country_ID":24,"name":"San Jose"},{"province_ID":421,"country_ID":24,"name":"Soriano"},{"province_ID":422,"country_ID":24,"name":"Tacuarembo"},{"province_ID":423,"country_ID":24,"name":"Treinta y Tres"},{"province_ID":424,"country_ID":25,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":425,"country_ID":25,"name":"Anzoategui"},{"province_ID":426,"country_ID":25,"name":"Apure"},{"province_ID":427,"country_ID":25,"name":"Aragua"},{"province_ID":428,"country_ID":25,"name":"Barinas"},{"province_ID":429,"country_ID":25,"name":"Bolivar"},{"province_ID":430,"country_ID":25,"name":"Carabobo"},{"province_ID":431,"country_ID":25,"name":"Cojedes"},{"province_ID":432,"country_ID":25,"name":"Delta Amacuro"},{"province_ID":433,"country_ID":25,"name":"Dependencias Federales"},{"province_ID":434,"country_ID":25,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":435,"country_ID":25,"name":"Falcon"},{"province_ID":436,"country_ID":25,"name":"Guarico"},{"province_ID":437,"country_ID":25,"name":"Lara"},{"province_ID":438,"country_ID":25,"name":"Merida"},{"province_ID":439,"country_ID":25,"name":"Miranda"},{"province_ID":440,"country_ID":25,"name":"Monagas"},{"province_ID":441,"country_ID":25,"name":"Nueva Esparta"},{"province_ID":442,"country_ID":25,"name":"Portuguesa"},{"province_ID":443,"country_ID":25,"name":"Sucre"},{"province_ID":444,"country_ID":25,"name":"Tachira"},{"province_ID":445,"country_ID":25,"name":"Trujillo"},{"province_ID":446,"country_ID":25,"name":"Vargas"},{"province_ID":447,"country_ID":25,"name":"Yaracuy"},{"province_ID":448,"country_ID":25,"name":"Zulia"},{"province_ID":449,"country_ID":26,"name":"Acre"},{"province_ID":450,"country_ID":26,"name":"Alagoas"},{"province_ID":451,"country_ID":26,"name":"Amapá"},{"province_ID":452,"country_ID":26,"name":"Amazonas"},{"province_ID":453,"country_ID":26,"name":"Bahia"},{"province_ID":454,"country_ID":26,"name":"Ceará"},{"province_ID":455,"country_ID":26,"name":"Distrito Federal"},{"province_ID":456,"country_ID":26,"name":"Espírito Santo"},{"province_ID":457,"country_ID":26,"name":"Goiás"},{"province_ID":458,"country_ID":26,"name":"Maranhão"},{"province_ID":459,"country_ID":26,"name":"Mato Grosso"},{"province_ID":460,"country_ID":26,"name":"Mato Grosso do Sul"},{"province_ID":461,"country_ID":26,"name":"Minas Gerais"},{"province_ID":462,"country_ID":26,"name":"Pará"},{"province_ID":463,"country_ID":26,"name":"Paraíba"},{"province_ID":464,"country_ID":26,"name":"Paraná"},{"province_ID":465,"country_ID":26,"name":"Pernambuco"},{"province_ID":466,"country_ID":26,"name":"Piauí"},{"province_ID":467,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio de Janeiro"},{"province_ID":468,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio Grande do Norte"},{"province_ID":469,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rio Grande do Sul"},{"province_ID":470,"country_ID":26,"name":"Rondônia"},{"province_ID":471,"country_ID":26,"name":"Roraima"},{"province_ID":472,"country_ID":26,"name":"Santa Catarina"},{"province_ID":473,"country_ID":26,"name":"São Paulo"},{"province_ID":474,"country_ID":26,"name":"Sergipe"},{"province_ID":475,"country_ID":26,"name":"Tocantins"},{"province_ID":476,"country_ID":27,"name":"Álava"},{"province_ID":477,"country_ID":27,"name":"Albacete"},{"province_ID":478,"country_ID":27,"name":"Alicante"},{"province_ID":479,"country_ID":27,"name":"Almería"},{"province_ID":480,"country_ID":27,"name":"Principado de Asturias"},{"province_ID":481,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ávila"},{"province_ID":482,"country_ID":27,"name":"Badajoz"},{"province_ID":483,"country_ID":27,"name":"Barcelona"},{"province_ID":484,"country_ID":27,"name":"Burgos"},{"province_ID":485,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cáceres"},{"province_ID":486,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cádiz"},{"province_ID":487,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cantabria"},{"province_ID":488,"country_ID":27,"name":"Castellón"},{"province_ID":489,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ciudad Real"},{"province_ID":490,"country_ID":27,"name":"Córdoba"},{"province_ID":491,"country_ID":27,"name":"La Coruña"},{"province_ID":492,"country_ID":27,"name":"Cuenca"},{"province_ID":493,"country_ID":27,"name":"Gerona"},{"province_ID":494,"country_ID":27,"name":"Granada"},{"province_ID":495,"country_ID":27,"name":"Guadalajara"},{"province_ID":496,"country_ID":27,"name":"Guipúzcoa"},{"province_ID":497,"country_ID":27,"name":"Huelva"},{"province_ID":498,"country_ID":27,"name":"Huesca"},{"province_ID":499,"country_ID":27,"name":"Islas Baleares"},{"province_ID":500,"country_ID":27,"name":"Jaén"},{"province_ID":501,"country_ID":27,"name":"León"},{"province_ID":502,"country_ID":27,"name":"Lérida"},{"province_ID":503,"country_ID":27,"name":"Lugo"},{"province_ID":504,"country_ID":27,"name":"Madrid"},{"province_ID":505,"country_ID":27,"name":"Málaga"},{"province_ID":506,"country_ID":27,"name":"Región de Murcia"},{"province_ID":507,"country_ID":27,"name":"Comunidad Foral de Navarra"},{"province_ID":508,"country_ID":27,"name":"Orense"},{"province_ID":509,"country_ID":27,"name":"Palencia"},{"province_ID":510,"country_ID":27,"name":"Las Palmas"},{"province_ID":511,"country_ID":27,"name":"Pontevedra"},{"province_ID":512,"country_ID":27,"name":"La Rioja"},{"province_ID":513,"country_ID":27,"name":"Salamanca"},{"province_ID":514,"country_ID":27,"name":"Segovia"},{"province_ID":515,"country_ID":27,"name":"Sevilla"},{"province_ID":516,"country_ID":27,"name":"Soria"},{"province_ID":517,"country_ID":27,"name":"Tarragona"},{"province_ID":518,"country_ID":27,"name":"Santa Cruz de Tenerife"},{"province_ID":519,"country_ID":27,"name":"Teruel"},{"province_ID":520,"country_ID":27,"name":"Toledo"},{"province_ID":521,"country_ID":27,"name":"Valencia"},{"province_ID":522,"country_ID":27,"name":"Valladolid"},{"province_ID":523,"country_ID":27,"name":"Vizcaya"},{"province_ID":524,"country_ID":27,"name":"Zamora"},{"province_ID":525,"country_ID":27,"name":"Zaragoza"},{"province_ID":526,"country_ID":27,"name":"Melilla"},{"province_ID":527,"country_ID":27,"name":"Ceuta"},{"province_ID":528,"country_ID":28,"name":"Australia"},{"province_ID":529,"country_ID":29,"name":"Bahamas"},{"province_ID":530,"country_ID":30,"name":"Camerún"},{"province_ID":531,"country_ID":31,"name":"Italia"}],"occupations":["Agricultor,Productor Primario","Asesor Técnico","Vendedor de Fertilizantes","Vendedor de Agroquímicos","Vendedor de Semillas","Vendedor de Insumos Orgánicos","Vendedor de Agroinsumos en General","Profesor o Investigador","Estudiante","Sector Gobierno o Financiero","Otro","Productor Ganadero"],"siteKey":"6LcoBxwTAAAAAIHGYfRC7q_PWI1Ixdpc63kgLXLw"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":220,"function":"articleSignup","args":[{"article_ID":359,"views":112297,"title":"El Huitlacoche en el Maíz: Organismo Patógeno o Benéfico","fb_title":"","link":"el-huitlacoche-en-el-maiz-organismo-patogeno-o-benefico","desc":"Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda es el nombre científico del hongo causante de la enfermedad conocida comúnmente como “huitlacoche” o carbón común. Es un patógeno que parasita al cultivo del maíz (Zea mays), ya que infecta a los granos del elote formando tumores o agallas de color gris; el interior de estas estructuras es de color oscuro debido a la presencia de esporas negras.","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/Fitosanidad\/art365-huitlacoche\/Ustilago-maydis-Huitlacoche.jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":8,"related":",9,","keywords":"Ustilago,maydis,Maíz,Hongo,Huitlacoche,Carbón,Común,Enfermedad,Teozintle,Agallas,tumores,Inoculación,Teliosporas,Mazorca,Jilote","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Fitosanidad\/77. El Huitlacoche en el Maiz Organismo Patogeno o Benefico.pdf","text":"
    \r\n
    \r\n

    Ustilago maydis<\/em> (DC) Corda es el nombre científico del hongo causante de la enfermedad conocida comúnmente como “huitlacoche” o carbón común. Es un patógeno que parasita al cultivo del maíz (Zea mays<\/em>), ya que infecta a los granos del elote formando tumores o agallas de color gris; el interior de estas estructuras es de color oscuro debido a la presencia de esporas negras.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    En México es un hongo que ha adquirido mucho interés por su uso en la cocina, donde inclusive se han realizado diferentes investigaciones y pruebas en campo para desarrollar tecnologías y lograr su producción comercial.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    El huitlacoche como enfermedad<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    El agente causal del carbón del maíz es el basidiomiceto Ustilago maydis<\/em>. Es un hongo dimórfico que se caracteriza por la formación de agallas locales de tamaño variado; dentro de estas estructuras se desarrollan las esporas, que son el medio de diseminación del patógeno.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    El carbón del maíz es una enfermedad fungosa que afecta la producción de maíz en el mundo. La infección del hongo se puede dar en diferentes partes de la planta, especialmente en los tejidos jóvenes en crecimiento. El hongo Ustilago maydis <\/em>infecta los granos (mazorca) del cultivo provocando mermas en el rendimiento. Normalmente es una enfermedad que no ocasiona fuertes pérdidas, pero si se presentan condiciones ambientales óptimas puede llegar a ser una enfermedad devastadora para el cultivo de maíz dulce, principalmente.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    La interacción entre la temperatura, la humedad relativa y la variedad de maíz favorecen el desarrollo del hongo Ustilago maydis<\/em>. Las condiciones climáticas que favorecen el desarrollo del hongo son ambientes con alta humedad relativa (80 %) y temperaturas que van alrededor de 17 a 20 ° C. También, el hongo aparece con mayor frecuencia en condiciones cálidas (26 a 30 °C) y moderadamente secas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    El método más común y práctico para el manejo de la enfermedad es la selección inteligente del hibrido a utilizar. También se recomienda el tratamiento de la semilla con fungicidas, la óptima fertilización con nitrógeno y la rotación de cultivos.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    \"Carbón\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
    \r\n\t\t\t

    Figura 1. Carbón común, enfermedad causada por el hongo Ustilago maydis.<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

    Fuente: Djamei, A. y Kahmann, R. 2012<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
    \r\n

    Ciclo biológico del huitlacoche. <\/strong>Ustilago maydis<\/em> es fitopatógeno del maíz y del teozintle. Su ciclo biológico se muestra en la figura 2.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
     <\/div>\r\n\r\n
    \"Ciclo\r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
    \r\n\t\t\t

    Figura 2. Ciclo biológico del Ustilago maydis<\/em>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

    Fuente: Chamonts (INRA), 2013; Adaptado por Intagri, 2016.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

     <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n

    El huitlacoche como alimento<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Desde tiempos prehispánicos, el “huitlacoche” se ha usado como alimento en la cocina mexicana. Actualmente ha crecido su popularidad por sus excelentes características nutrimentales, aumentando la demanda en diferentes mercados del mundo. Actualmente diferentes investigadores han realizado ensayos para encontrar la forma adecuada de propagación, así como identificar las variedades más susceptibles. Lo anterior con la finalidad de producirlo a escala comercial y abastecer la alta demanda.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Propiedades nutricionales. <\/strong>El huitlacoche tiene altos contenidos nutricionales potenciales para la alimentación humana. En el cuadro 1 se observa el porcentaje elevado de nutrientes de este hongo en comparación al maíz.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Uso potencial del huitlacoche<\/strong>. México fue el primer país en darle uso comestible a este hongo, pero no fue hasta hace pocos años cuando se comenzó a cultivar y exportar a diferentes países del mundo, particularmente Estados Unidos, Canadá, Japón y países europeos.  Su uso gastronómico en México es extenso, pues lo utilizan para preparar comidas típicas como: quesadillas, tacos, sopas, relleno de tamales, crepas, salsas, bebidas, entre otras. En el extranjero es preciado como alimento gourmet por su sabor, textura y propiedades nutrimentales. Además, otros usos se han orientado a la industria cosmética y medicinal.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
     <\/div>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n\r\n\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t
    \r\n\t\t\t

     Cuadro 1.  Algunas propiedades nutricionales del huitlacoche comparados con el maíz.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t

     Fuente: Juárez et. al<\/em>., 2011.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

    \r\n\t\t\t

    Nutrientes<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    Huitlacoche<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    Maíz (Zea mays<\/em>)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

    \r\n\t\t\t

     Aminoácidos (%)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

     Lisina<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    14.8<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    2.6 - 3.5<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

    \r\n\t\t\t

     Leucina<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    10.4<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    12.0 - 15.8<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

    \r\n\t\t\t

     Ácido graso (%).<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

     Oleico<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    41 - 46<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    20 - 46<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

    \r\n\t\t\t

     Linoleico<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    27 - 34<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    35 - 70<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

    \r\n\t\t\t

     Monosacárido (mg\/g)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

     Glucosa<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    140 - 180<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    0.1 – 8.9<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

    \r\n\t\t\t

     Fructuosa<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    60 - 100<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    Hasta 7.6<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t\t

    \r\n\t\t\t

     Polisacáridos(mg\/g)<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

     Beta-glúcidos<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    1 - 12<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t\t

    		\r\n\t\t\t

    0.5 - 0.38<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n

     <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
    \r\n
    \r\n

    La dispersión artificial de huitlacoche.<\/strong> La alta demanda del huitlacoche ha motivado el desarrollo de diversos estudios con la finalidad de lograr la producción a gran escala. Las evaluaciones se han enfocado en conocer la susceptibilidad de variedades de maíz y la etapa del desarrollo de la planta para la inoculación artificial, las condiciones ambientales óptimas para su desarrollo y la patogenicidad del hongo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Una de las estrategias más utilizadas para la producción comercial del huitlacoche es la inoculación artificial, es decir, se utilizan como inóculo las formulaciones con esporidias o teliosporas del hongo y estas se aplican al jilote utilizando una jeringa hipodérmica. El éxito de la inoculación artificial del hongo depende los factores antes mencionados, por lo que es necesario tener un control estricto durante el proceso productivo para logar un alto porcentaje de incidencia y severidad que represente rendimientos altos de huitlacoche.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Cita correcta de este artículo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

    INTAGRI. 2017. El Huitlacoche en el Maíz: Organismo Patógeno o Benéfico. Serie Fitosanidad. Núm. 77. Artículos Técnicos de INTAGRI. México. 3 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

    Literatura Consultada<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n\t
    • Martínez, F.A.; Corrales, G. J.J.; Espinosa, S. T.; García, G. P. G.; Villanueva, V. C. 2008. Cambios postcosecha del hongo comestible huitlacoche (Ustilago maydis <\/em>(D.C.) Corda). Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura, 14 (3): 339-346.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Beas, F. R.; Loarca, P. G.; Guzmán, M. G. S.; Gerardo, R. M.; Vasco, M. N. L.; Guevara, L. F. 2011. Potencial nutracéutico de componentes bioactivos presentes en huitlacoche de la zona centro de México. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, 42 (2): 36-44.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Juárez, M. M.; Ruiloba de León, S.; Chávez, C. G.; Hernández, R. C.; Villa, T. L. 2011. Huitlacoche (corn smut), caused by the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis<\/em>, as a functional food. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, 28 (2): 69-73.<\/li>\r\n\t
    • Aguayo, G. D. J.; Acosta, R. M.; Pérez, C. L. E.; Guevara, L. F.; García, M. A. M. 2016. Producción natural de huitlacoche [Ustilago maydis<\/em> (DC) Corda] en el estado de Aguascalientes. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 7 (5): 1043-1050.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n
      \r\n
       <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2017-01-13 21:01:57","updated":"2019-04-23 19:16:50","published":"2017-01-13 21:42:36","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/fitosanidad"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"el-huitlacoche-en-el-maiz-organismo-patogeno-o-benefico","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"fitosanidad","article":"el-huitlacoche-en-el-maiz-organismo-patogeno-o-benefico","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}