{"error":"Too few arguments to function pageRender(), 3 passed in \/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php on line 513 and exactly 4 expected","line":321,"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/general\/pageRender.php","code":0,"trace":[{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/libs\/articles\/articles.php","line":513,"function":"pageRender","args":[{},"article\/articleFinishBuying.html",{"userInfo":{"firstNames":"","lastNames":"","email":"","phone":"","points":0,"newsletter":1},"articleInfo":{"article_ID":131,"views":555704,"title":"La Gallinaza Como Fertilizante","fb_title":"","link":"gallinaza-como-fertilizante","desc":"Este material tiene grandes ventajas para incrementar la producción de los cultivos, entre las más importantes están: el aporte de nutrientes como N, P y K, e incremento de la materia orgánica del suelo. ","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/3Agricultura%20organica\/art131-abonos\/Untitled-1%20(2).jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":6,"related":",5,","keywords":"orgánico, gallinaza, abono, fertilizante","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Agricultura Organica\/05. La gallinaza como fertilizante.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#8B4513\"><strong>Introduccion<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La industria av&iacute;cola, debido a su producci&oacute;n&nbsp; intensiva tiene el potencial de proveer adem&aacute;s de huevo y carne, materiales de desecho org&aacute;nico y de calidad como la gallinaza. Este material tiene grandes ventajas para incrementar la producci&oacute;n de los cultivos, entre las m&aacute;s importantes est&aacute;n: el aporte de nutrientes como N, P y K, e incremento de la materia org&aacute;nica del suelo. Debe aclararse que en este art&iacute;culo se habla de gallinaza y no de pollinaza (no son sin&oacute;nimos), por lo que es conveniente definirlas:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Gallinaza<\/strong>. Excretas de gallinas ponedoras que se acumulan durante la etapa de producci&oacute;n de huevo o bien durante periodos de desarrollo de este tipo de aves, mezclado con desperdicios de alimento y plumas. Puede o no considerarse la mezcla con los materiales de la cama.&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Pollinaza<\/strong>. Excretas de aves de engorda (carne), desde su inicio hasta su salida a mercado, mezclado con desperdicio de alimento, plumas y materiales usados como cama.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">C&oacute;mo se define la cantidad y calidad de gallinaza que se produce<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#8B4513\">La cantidad y calidad de la gallinaza est&aacute; influenciada por los siguientes factores:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Edad del ave<\/u>. La cantidad de excretas est&aacute; relacionada con el tama&ntilde;o del ave, al ser un ave peque&ntilde;a, la cantidad de excretas disminuye, contrario a lo que pasar&iacute;a con aves de mayor edad, donde la cantidad de excretas ser&aacute; mayor.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>L&iacute;nea de producci&oacute;n<\/u>. Seg&uacute;n la l&iacute;nea de producci&oacute;n que se siga el manejo es distinto, particularmente en la composici&oacute;n del alimento, lo que finalmente se refleja en la calidad y cantidad de las excretas de las aves (contenido nutrimental). Es importante tener como referencia que aproximadamente por cada kilogramo de alimento consumido, la aves producen de 1.1 a 1.2 kg de excretas frescas (70 &ndash; 80 % de humedad en gallinaza).&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Consumo de alimento<\/u>. La cantidad de excretas depende de la cantidad de alimento consumido, tomando en cuenta su digestibilidad.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Cantidad de alimento desperdiciado<\/u>. La composici&oacute;n qu&iacute;mica del alimento utilizado en la industria av&iacute;cola se encuentra relacionada con la calidad de la gallinaza. Al desperdiciar alimento y ser depositado en la superficie donde se encuentran las excretas, enriquecer&aacute; a la gallinaza (principalmente nitr&oacute;geno), dependiendo de la cantidad desaprovechada.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Cantidad de plumas<\/u>. Las plumas en su estructura qu&iacute;mica contienen queratina, dicha prote&iacute;na tiene como componente principal el nitr&oacute;geno&nbsp; por lo cual, a medida que existe m&aacute;s cantidad de plumas la gallinaza mejora su calidad nutrimental.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Temperatura<\/u>. Alta temperatura y humedad generan gases, principalmente amoniaco, resultado de la fermentaci&oacute;n anaer&oacute;bica, perdiendo de esta forma grandes cantidades de nitr&oacute;geno (gallinaza de baja calidad).&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Ventilaci&oacute;n<\/u>. El flujo de aire en la gallinaza reduce la perdida de N causada por su volatilizaci&oacute;n en forma de amoniaco.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#8B4513\">Aporte nutrimental de la gallinaza<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La gallinaza es un excelente fertilizante si se utiliza de manera correcta. Es un material con buen aporte de nitr&oacute;geno, adem&aacute;s de f&oacute;sforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio, azufre y algunos micronutrientes. Su aplicaci&oacute;n al suelo tambi&eacute;n aumenta la materia org&aacute;nica, fertilidad y calidad del suelo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Como ya se ha indicado, la calidad de la gallinaza y su potencial en el aporte de nutrientes depende de&nbsp; varios factores. Lo ideal es que antes de utilizar la gallinaza como fuente de nutrientes, se procure analizarla en un laboratorio de confianza. Al contar con un an&aacute;lisis qu&iacute;mico robusto se puede conocer el aporte real esperado de un material en particular, adem&aacute;s es una gu&iacute;a para definir la dosis de aplicaci&oacute;n. La gallinaza en comparaci&oacute;n con otros abonos org&aacute;nicos tiene un mayor aporte nutrimental, en el siguiente cuadro puede observarse un ejemplo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/cursos-online\/cuadro1.JPG\" style=\"height:400px; width:1000px\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Cabe destacar que la gallinaza es tambi&eacute;n uno de los abonos org&aacute;nicos con mayor tasa de mineralizaci&oacute;n. Esto la hace una excelente fuente para el aporte de nitr&oacute;geno a los cultivos, pues tan solo en tres semanas el nitr&oacute;geno org&aacute;nico de la gallinaza se mineraliza en un 75 % aproximadamente. Por citar un ejemplo: si aplic&aacute;ramos 10 ton de gallinaza con&nbsp; 80 % de materia seca (8 ton), 4 % de N (320 kg de N org&aacute;nico), y con un 75 % de mineralizaci&oacute;n, tendr&iacute;amos un aporte de 240 kg de N disponible para el cultivo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Una de las grandes cuestiones al aplicar gallinaza es si el f&oacute;sforo que contiene est&aacute; inmediatamente disponible para los cultivos. En este sentido, un estudio realizado por el Dr. Castellanos en 1986, donde cultivando alfalfa en macetas hizo cuatro diferentes aportes de f&oacute;sforo utilizando tres diferentes fuentes, entre ellas la gallinaza. Los resultados indican que las plantas aprovechan de la misma manera cualquier fuente de f&oacute;sforo.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\" \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos_nuevos\/gallinaza\/gallinaza%201.jpg\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#61210B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 1. Mineralizaci&oacute;n de los abonos org&aacute;nicos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Fuente: Castellanos y Pratt (1981). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#8B4513\">Pr&aacute;cticas de manejo de la gallinaza<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Para que la gallinaza sea un fertilizante org&aacute;nico eficiente se deben seguir las siguientes recomendaciones:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">a). Evitar que la humedad del material sea elevada, la ventilaci&oacute;n es un factor a considerar si se desea obtener un abono rico en nutrientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">b). El secado de las excretas en zonas espec&iacute;ficas donde se puede proteger de la lluvia es un aspecto importante. Adem&aacute;s se debe considerar un correcto acomodo; la forma de pir&aacute;mide es la m&aacute;s utilizada ya que permite un mejor escurrimiento. Si se desea disminuir el tiempo de secado se recomienda extenderlas sobre una superficie.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\" \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos_nuevos\/gallinaza\/gallinaza%202.jpg\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#61210B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 2. Uso de f&oacute;sforo por la Alfalfa en un suelo arcilloso. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Fuente: Castellanos (1986). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#8B4513\">Consideraciones en la aplicaci&oacute;n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Incorporaci&oacute;n<\/strong>. Se debe incorporar al suelo con el fin de evitar p&eacute;rdidas de nitr&oacute;geno principalmente, de lo contrario puede perderse m&aacute;s del 50 % del N contenido en el abono.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Contenido nutrimental<\/strong>. Es recomendable realizar un an&aacute;lisis nutrimental a la gallinaza y uno de fertilidad al suelo, y en base a las necesidades del cultivo se deben planear las dosis de gallinaza y dem&aacute;s fertilizantes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Salinidad<\/strong>. La gallinaza presenta altos contenidos de sales, por lo cual el monitoreo del suelo en cada aplicaci&oacute;n que se realice es importante para evitar acumulaci&oacute;n; niveles altos afectar&aacute;n en la disponibilidad de la mayor&iacute;a de los nutrientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Metales pesados<\/strong>. El aplicar gallinaza en un terreno no est&aacute; relacionado directamente con la acumulaci&oacute;n de metales pesados en el suelo, sino que esto depende de la procedencia del abono. Para evitar problemas de este tipo, se deben realizar an&aacute;lisis para monitorear la acumulaci&oacute;n de metales pesados.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\" citricos \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos_nuevos\/gallinaza\/gallinaza%203.jpg \" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#61210B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 3. Acomodo de gallinaza en forma de pir&aacute;mide.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Foto: RIIDC (2012). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La gallinaza es un abono con gran cantidad de nutrientes aprovechables, de igual manera es aprovechable como enmienda al suelo generando grandes beneficios para los cultivos establecidos. Hay que recordar que son varios los factores que influyen en la obtenci&oacute;n de gallinaza de buena calidad y que resulta sumamente conveniente realizar an&aacute;lisis de laboratorio para conocer a detalle los aportes nutrimentales, as&iacute; la cantidad de sales y metales pesados que puedan ser contraproducentes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#8B4513\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Castellanos, J.Z.; Pratt, P.F. 1981. Mineralization of Manure Nitrogen-Correlation with Laboratory Indexes. Soc. Am. J. 45: 354-357.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Estrada M.2005. Manejo y Procesamiento de la Gallinaza. Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Agropecuarias de la Corporaci&oacute;n Universitaria Lasallista. 6 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Mukhtar, S. 2004. Poultry Production: Manure and Wastewater Management. Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. 5 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">RIRDC. 2012. Chicken Litter as Fertilizer for Broadacre Grain Crops. RIRDC. 12 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Tiquia, S.M.; Tamb, N.F.Y. 2001. Characterization and Composting of Poultry Litter in Forced-Aeration Piles. Process Biochemistry 37: 869 &ndash; 880.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Zhang, H.; Hamilton, D.W.; Britton, J.G. 2004. Using Poultry Litter as Fertilizer. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension. 4p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Zublena, J.P.; Barker, J.C.; Carter, T.A. 1997. Poultry Manure as a Fertilizer Source. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC. 14 p.Introduccion<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-04-01 01:47:36","updated":"2018-09-13 19:45:40","published":"2015-04-05 21:41:25","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"availPoints":0,"articleCosts":[],"conversion":[0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375,1,5.2400000000000002131628207280300557613372802734375,19],"guest":true,"countries":[{"country_ID":1,"name":"Argentina","iso2":"ar","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":2,"name":"Belice","iso2":"bz","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":3,"name":"Bolivia","iso2":"bo","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":4,"name":"Canada","iso2":"ca","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":5,"name":"Chile","iso2":"cl","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":6,"name":"Colombia","iso2":"co","badge":"COP","conversion":0.004400000000000000265065747129256124026142060756683349609375},{"country_ID":7,"name":"Costa Rica","iso2":"cr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":8,"name":"Cuba","iso2":"cu","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":9,"name":"Ecuador","iso2":"ec","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":10,"name":"El Salvador","iso2":"sv","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":11,"name":"Estados Unidos","iso2":"us","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":12,"name":"Guatemala","iso2":"gt","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":13,"name":"Guyana","iso2":"gy","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":14,"name":"Guayana Francesa","iso2":"gf","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":15,"name":"Honduras","iso2":"hn","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":16,"name":"México","iso2":"mx","badge":"MXN","conversion":1},{"country_ID":17,"name":"Nicaragua","iso2":"ni","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":18,"name":"Panamá","iso2":"pa","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":19,"name":"Paraguay","iso2":"py","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":20,"name":"Perú","iso2":"pe","badge":"PEN","conversion":5.2400000000000002131628207280300557613372802734375},{"country_ID":21,"name":"Puerto Rico","iso2":"pr","badge":"USD","conversion":19},{"country_ID":22,"name":"Rep. 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","fb_desc":"","thumb":"\/assets\/images\/articulos\/categoria1\/3Agricultura%20organica\/art131-abonos\/Untitled-1%20(2).jpg","fb_thumb":"","category":6,"related":",5,","keywords":"orgánico, gallinaza, abono, fertilizante","pdfLink":"Articulos\/Agricultura Organica\/05. La gallinaza como fertilizante.pdf","text":"<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#8B4513\"><strong>Introduccion<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La industria av&iacute;cola, debido a su producci&oacute;n&nbsp; intensiva tiene el potencial de proveer adem&aacute;s de huevo y carne, materiales de desecho org&aacute;nico y de calidad como la gallinaza. Este material tiene grandes ventajas para incrementar la producci&oacute;n de los cultivos, entre las m&aacute;s importantes est&aacute;n: el aporte de nutrientes como N, P y K, e incremento de la materia org&aacute;nica del suelo. Debe aclararse que en este art&iacute;culo se habla de gallinaza y no de pollinaza (no son sin&oacute;nimos), por lo que es conveniente definirlas:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Gallinaza<\/strong>. Excretas de gallinas ponedoras que se acumulan durante la etapa de producci&oacute;n de huevo o bien durante periodos de desarrollo de este tipo de aves, mezclado con desperdicios de alimento y plumas. Puede o no considerarse la mezcla con los materiales de la cama.&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Pollinaza<\/strong>. Excretas de aves de engorda (carne), desde su inicio hasta su salida a mercado, mezclado con desperdicio de alimento, plumas y materiales usados como cama.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">C&oacute;mo se define la cantidad y calidad de gallinaza que se produce<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#8B4513\">La cantidad y calidad de la gallinaza est&aacute; influenciada por los siguientes factores:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Edad del ave<\/u>. La cantidad de excretas est&aacute; relacionada con el tama&ntilde;o del ave, al ser un ave peque&ntilde;a, la cantidad de excretas disminuye, contrario a lo que pasar&iacute;a con aves de mayor edad, donde la cantidad de excretas ser&aacute; mayor.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>L&iacute;nea de producci&oacute;n<\/u>. Seg&uacute;n la l&iacute;nea de producci&oacute;n que se siga el manejo es distinto, particularmente en la composici&oacute;n del alimento, lo que finalmente se refleja en la calidad y cantidad de las excretas de las aves (contenido nutrimental). Es importante tener como referencia que aproximadamente por cada kilogramo de alimento consumido, la aves producen de 1.1 a 1.2 kg de excretas frescas (70 &ndash; 80 % de humedad en gallinaza).&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Consumo de alimento<\/u>. La cantidad de excretas depende de la cantidad de alimento consumido, tomando en cuenta su digestibilidad.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Cantidad de alimento desperdiciado<\/u>. La composici&oacute;n qu&iacute;mica del alimento utilizado en la industria av&iacute;cola se encuentra relacionada con la calidad de la gallinaza. Al desperdiciar alimento y ser depositado en la superficie donde se encuentran las excretas, enriquecer&aacute; a la gallinaza (principalmente nitr&oacute;geno), dependiendo de la cantidad desaprovechada.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Cantidad de plumas<\/u>. Las plumas en su estructura qu&iacute;mica contienen queratina, dicha prote&iacute;na tiene como componente principal el nitr&oacute;geno&nbsp; por lo cual, a medida que existe m&aacute;s cantidad de plumas la gallinaza mejora su calidad nutrimental.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Temperatura<\/u>. Alta temperatura y humedad generan gases, principalmente amoniaco, resultado de la fermentaci&oacute;n anaer&oacute;bica, perdiendo de esta forma grandes cantidades de nitr&oacute;geno (gallinaza de baja calidad).&nbsp;<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li style=\"text-align:justify\"><u>Ventilaci&oacute;n<\/u>. El flujo de aire en la gallinaza reduce la perdida de N causada por su volatilizaci&oacute;n en forma de amoniaco.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#8B4513\">Aporte nutrimental de la gallinaza<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La gallinaza es un excelente fertilizante si se utiliza de manera correcta. Es un material con buen aporte de nitr&oacute;geno, adem&aacute;s de f&oacute;sforo, potasio, calcio, magnesio, azufre y algunos micronutrientes. Su aplicaci&oacute;n al suelo tambi&eacute;n aumenta la materia org&aacute;nica, fertilidad y calidad del suelo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Como ya se ha indicado, la calidad de la gallinaza y su potencial en el aporte de nutrientes depende de&nbsp; varios factores. Lo ideal es que antes de utilizar la gallinaza como fuente de nutrientes, se procure analizarla en un laboratorio de confianza. Al contar con un an&aacute;lisis qu&iacute;mico robusto se puede conocer el aporte real esperado de un material en particular, adem&aacute;s es una gu&iacute;a para definir la dosis de aplicaci&oacute;n. La gallinaza en comparaci&oacute;n con otros abonos org&aacute;nicos tiene un mayor aporte nutrimental, en el siguiente cuadro puede observarse un ejemplo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\"\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/cursos-online\/cuadro1.JPG\" style=\"height:400px; width:1000px\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Cabe destacar que la gallinaza es tambi&eacute;n uno de los abonos org&aacute;nicos con mayor tasa de mineralizaci&oacute;n. Esto la hace una excelente fuente para el aporte de nitr&oacute;geno a los cultivos, pues tan solo en tres semanas el nitr&oacute;geno org&aacute;nico de la gallinaza se mineraliza en un 75 % aproximadamente. Por citar un ejemplo: si aplic&aacute;ramos 10 ton de gallinaza con&nbsp; 80 % de materia seca (8 ton), 4 % de N (320 kg de N org&aacute;nico), y con un 75 % de mineralizaci&oacute;n, tendr&iacute;amos un aporte de 240 kg de N disponible para el cultivo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Una de las grandes cuestiones al aplicar gallinaza es si el f&oacute;sforo que contiene est&aacute; inmediatamente disponible para los cultivos. En este sentido, un estudio realizado por el Dr. Castellanos en 1986, donde cultivando alfalfa en macetas hizo cuatro diferentes aportes de f&oacute;sforo utilizando tres diferentes fuentes, entre ellas la gallinaza. Los resultados indican que las plantas aprovechan de la misma manera cualquier fuente de f&oacute;sforo.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\" \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos_nuevos\/gallinaza\/gallinaza%201.jpg\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#61210B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 1. Mineralizaci&oacute;n de los abonos org&aacute;nicos.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Fuente: Castellanos y Pratt (1981). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#8B4513\">Pr&aacute;cticas de manejo de la gallinaza<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Para que la gallinaza sea un fertilizante org&aacute;nico eficiente se deben seguir las siguientes recomendaciones:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">a). Evitar que la humedad del material sea elevada, la ventilaci&oacute;n es un factor a considerar si se desea obtener un abono rico en nutrientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">b). El secado de las excretas en zonas espec&iacute;ficas donde se puede proteger de la lluvia es un aspecto importante. Adem&aacute;s se debe considerar un correcto acomodo; la forma de pir&aacute;mide es la m&aacute;s utilizada ya que permite un mejor escurrimiento. Si se desea disminuir el tiempo de secado se recomienda extenderlas sobre una superficie.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\" \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos_nuevos\/gallinaza\/gallinaza%202.jpg\" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#61210B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 2. Uso de f&oacute;sforo por la Alfalfa en un suelo arcilloso. <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Fuente: Castellanos (1986). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\">\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-8\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong><span style=\"color:#8B4513\">Consideraciones en la aplicaci&oacute;n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Incorporaci&oacute;n<\/strong>. Se debe incorporar al suelo con el fin de evitar p&eacute;rdidas de nitr&oacute;geno principalmente, de lo contrario puede perderse m&aacute;s del 50 % del N contenido en el abono.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Contenido nutrimental<\/strong>. Es recomendable realizar un an&aacute;lisis nutrimental a la gallinaza y uno de fertilidad al suelo, y en base a las necesidades del cultivo se deben planear las dosis de gallinaza y dem&aacute;s fertilizantes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Salinidad<\/strong>. La gallinaza presenta altos contenidos de sales, por lo cual el monitoreo del suelo en cada aplicaci&oacute;n que se realice es importante para evitar acumulaci&oacute;n; niveles altos afectar&aacute;n en la disponibilidad de la mayor&iacute;a de los nutrientes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><strong>Metales pesados<\/strong>. El aplicar gallinaza en un terreno no est&aacute; relacionado directamente con la acumulaci&oacute;n de metales pesados en el suelo, sino que esto depende de la procedencia del abono. Para evitar problemas de este tipo, se deben realizar an&aacute;lisis para monitorear la acumulaci&oacute;n de metales pesados.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"col-xs-12 col-md-4\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><img alt=\" citricos \" class=\"center-block img-responsive\" src=\"\/assets\/images\/articulos_nuevos\/gallinaza\/gallinaza%203.jpg \" \/><\/p>\r\n\r\n<table border=\"1\" class=\"table table-responsive\">\r\n\t<tbody>\r\n\t\t<tr>\r\n\t\t\t<td style=\"background-color:#61210B; text-align:left\">\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Figura 3. Acomodo de gallinaza en forma de pir&aacute;mide.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#ffffff\"><strong>Foto: RIIDC (2012). <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/td>\r\n\t\t<\/tr>\r\n\t<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">La gallinaza es un abono con gran cantidad de nutrientes aprovechables, de igual manera es aprovechable como enmienda al suelo generando grandes beneficios para los cultivos establecidos. Hay que recordar que son varios los factores que influyen en la obtenci&oacute;n de gallinaza de buena calidad y que resulta sumamente conveniente realizar an&aacute;lisis de laboratorio para conocer a detalle los aportes nutrimentales, as&iacute; la cantidad de sales y metales pesados que puedan ser contraproducentes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\"><span style=\"color:#8B4513\"><strong>Fuentes Consultadas<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Castellanos, J.Z.; Pratt, P.F. 1981. Mineralization of Manure Nitrogen-Correlation with Laboratory Indexes. Soc. Am. J. 45: 354-357.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Estrada M.2005. Manejo y Procesamiento de la Gallinaza. Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Agropecuarias de la Corporaci&oacute;n Universitaria Lasallista. 6 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Mukhtar, S. 2004. Poultry Production: Manure and Wastewater Management. Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, U.S.A. 5 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">RIRDC. 2012. Chicken Litter as Fertilizer for Broadacre Grain Crops. RIRDC. 12 p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Tiquia, S.M.; Tamb, N.F.Y. 2001. Characterization and Composting of Poultry Litter in Forced-Aeration Piles. Process Biochemistry 37: 869 &ndash; 880.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Zhang, H.; Hamilton, D.W.; Britton, J.G. 2004. Using Poultry Litter as Fertilizer. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension. 4p.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"text-align:justify\">Zublena, J.P.; Barker, J.C.; Carter, T.A. 1997. Poultry Manure as a Fertilizer Source. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC. 14 p.Introduccion<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n","has_cost":0,"creation":"2015-04-01 01:47:36","updated":"2018-09-13 19:45:40","published":"2015-04-05 21:41:25","cost":0,"badge":"mxn"},"\/articulos\/nutricion-vegetal"]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Handlers\/Strategies\/RequestResponse.php","line":38,"function":"{closure}","args":[{},{},{"category":"nutricion-vegetal","article":"gallinaza-como-fertilizante","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":358,"function":"__invoke","class":"Slim\\Handlers\\Strategies\\RequestResponse","type":"->","args":[{},{},{},{"category":"nutricion-vegetal","article":"gallinaza-como-fertilizante","section":"comprar"}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/Route.php","line":315,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Routing\/RouteRunner.php","line":68,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\Routing\\Route","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/twig-view\/src\/TwigMiddleware.php","line":115,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\Routing\\RouteRunner","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Views\\TwigMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/RoutingMiddleware.php","line":45,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\RoutingMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/Middleware\/ErrorMiddleware.php","line":76,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":121,"function":"process","class":"Slim\\Middleware\\ErrorMiddleware","type":"->","args":[{},{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php","line":65,"function":"handle","class":"Psr\\Http\\Server\\RequestHandlerInterface@anonymous\u0000\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/MiddlewareDispatcher.php:108$10","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":199,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\MiddlewareDispatcher","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/vendor\/slim\/slim\/Slim\/App.php","line":183,"function":"handle","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[{}]},{"file":"\/home\/intagri\/public_html\/index.php","line":261,"function":"run","class":"Slim\\App","type":"->","args":[]}]}